Tuesday, September 30, 2008
टी-90 टैंक भारत में ही बनाने का फैसला
अर्जुन टैंक अपने अधिक भार के चलते तो कमजोर पड़ ही रहा था, टी-90 टैंक के साथ इसके तुलनात्मक परीक्षणों में भी कुछ न कुछ खामी सामने आ रही थी। हालांकि इन्हें लगातार दूर भी किया जाता रहा, लेकिन थल सेना खुश नहीं थी। उधर, टी-72 टैंकों को नाइट फाइटिंग क्षमताओं व मिसाइल लांच क्षमता से लैस करते हुए उन्नत बनाए जाने के बावजूद समस्याएं आ रही हैं। इसकी लो-रेडीनेस भी एक सिरदर्दी बनी हुई है। खास कर पाकिस्तान के टी-80 अल खालिद टैंकों से मुकाबले के लिए टी-90 टैंकों को ही आर्मर्ड कोर का मुख्य हथियार बनाना जरूरी हो रहा था।
पेंट्स से सीसा अलग
पिचौरा मिसाइलें
इसी साल देश के विभिन्न एयरबेस पर तैनात 72 पिचौरा मिसाइलों को समुद्र में दाग दिया गया। सुत्रों के अनुसार 15 जनवरी से 15 फरवरी के बीच इन मिसाइलों को पहले ग्वालियर ले जाया गया और वहां से आंध्र प्रदेश में गुंटूर के पास समुद्र किनारे बापतला ले जाकर समुद्र में छोड़ा गया। इनमें भी दर्जन भर मिसाइलें ऐसी निकलीं जिनके विस्फोटकों की मियाद खत्म हो चुकी थी और उन्हें दागा नहीं जा सका। अब ऐसे मिसाइलों के बूस्टरों और सस्टेनरों को निकालकर पंजाब में वायु सेना के हलवारा एयरबेस पर ले जाया जाएगा जहां उनके विस्फोटकों को निष्क्रिय किया जाएगा। पुरानी टैक्नोलाजी वाली ये मिसाइलें मुगलों के जमाने की तोपों जैसी नजर आती हैं जिनकी भूमिका अब सजावटी ज्यादा रह गई है।
पिचौरा मिसाइलें देश के संवेदनशील स्थानों पर तैनात हैं। इनमें आगरा और ग्वालियर के अलावा जम्मू कश्मीर में श्रीनगर और अवंतिपुर, पंजाब में हलवारा, अमृतसर, चंडीगढ़, हरियाणा में रजोकरी और नरेला, राजस्थान में जोधपुर, जैसलमेर, गुजरात में जामनगर, भुज और नलिया तथा महाराष्ट्र में पुणे और ठाणे के एयरबेस शामिल हैं। रक्षा विशेषज्ञों का कहना है कि अब वायु सेना की निगाहें इजरायली मिसाइल सिस्टमों पर लगी है। आने वाले समय में भारत इजरायल से बड़े पैमाने पर अरबों डालर की रक्षा खरीदारी करने वाला है और इनमें एयर डिफेंस मिसाइलें होड में हैं। लेकिन नई सुरक्षा प्रणाली आने तक देश के आकाश को सुरक्षा कवच देना वायु सेना के लिए वाकई एक बडी चुनौती भरा काम बन गया है।
Saturday, September 27, 2008
गामा किरण विस्फोट के निशाने पर थी धरती
विभिन्न उपग्रहों और दुनिया भर की वेधशालाओं से प्राप्त आंकड़ों से संकेत मिला है किहमारी धरती इस वर्ष 19 मार्च 2009 को शक्तिशाली तारकीय विस्फोट के निशाने परथी। इस खगोलीय घटना को 'गामा किरण विस्फोट' के नाम से जाना जाता है। 'जीआरबी 080319बी' नामक नासा के स्विफ्ट उपग्रह ने इस विस्फोट का पता लगायाथा। इस उपग्रह के आंकड़ों से इस खगोलीय घटना की वास्तविक स्थिति की जानकारीभी मिली थी। समाचार एजेंसी 'शिन्हुआ' के मुताबिक इस घटना के अवलोकन सेखगोलविदें को गामा किरणों के फटने की जितने विस्तृत चित्र मिले उतने पहले कभी नहीं मिल पाए थे। जिस क्षणस्विफ्ट उपग्रह गामा किरण विस्फोट का चित्र भेज रहा था उसी क्षण नासा के पवन उपग्रह पर स्थित रूस केकोनस' यंत्र ने गामा किरणों के व्यापक ढांचे का विस्तृत ब्यौरा उपलब्ध कराया। ''पाई आफ द स्काई' नामकरोबोटिक ऑप्टिकल कैमरे ने गामा किरणों में विस्फोट का पहला दृश्य प्रकाश का चित्र लिया। इसके 15 सेकेंड बादविस्फोट की चमक इतनी बढ़ गई कि उसे काले आसमान में साफ देखा जा सकता था।
चीनी अंतरिक्ष यात्री का स्पेस वाक
चीन की सरकारी न्यूज एजेंसी शिन्हुआ ने बीएसीसी के हवाले से बताया कि झाई के स्पेस वाक से पहले तीनों अंतरिक्ष यात्रियों ने कंट्रोल पैनल का परीक्षण किया। इसके बाद उन्होंने अपने ईवीए [एक्स्ट्रा व्हीकुलर एक्टिविटीज] स्पेस सूट को तैयार किया। 42 वर्षीय झाई झिगांग अभियान के कमांडर भी हैं।
Tuesday, September 16, 2008
Feeling Car sick? Blame the bacteria
A study finding states that the typical car has 283 different types of bacteria present in every square centimeter (square inch). Microbiologists from Britain's Aston University found the dirtiest part of the vehicle was the gear stick, home to 356 germs on a square centimeter, while one car boot in a random survey of 25 cars had 850 bacteria in a square centimeter.
Drivers with children and pets were found to host a greater number and range of bacteria in their cars with, in one instance, bacterial traces of excrement found in the boot of the car where the weekly food shopping was regularly placed. Whilst most of the bacteria are unlikely to cause serious health problems, some cars, particularly those which regularly carry children and animals, play host to potentially harmful germs, according to Anthony Hilton, director of Biology and Biomedical Science, at Aston University. "People would be horrified at the thought of eating off their toilet seat, but few realize eating off their car dashboard is just as likely to make them sick," he added in a statement.
The study, conducted for insurance.co.uk, found British motorists spend more than three years of their life behind the wheel and over a quarter eat there every week. One in four of 1,376 car owners polled said their car is littered with food wrappers and empty drink bottles, while one in six admitted to regularly leaving uneaten food in their vehicle. Half of the drivers admitted the standard of cleanliness in their car left much to be desired and they would never let their home get into the same condition.
The study also found a strong correlation between the mileage of the car and the bacterial and fungal air quality. The researchers said that when air and heater blowers are switched on, the number of airborne bacteria and fungi significantly increases, especially in older cars, which are less likely to have air filters. The study and research findings were released by insurance.co.uk in a bid to encourage motorists to keep on top of car maintenance.
(Courtsey: Belinda Goldsmith, Editing by Miral Fahmy)
http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20080915/lf_nm_life/cars_bacteria_dc
देहलावास : देश का दूसरा बायोगैस बिजली उत्पादन संयंत्र
जवाहरलाल नेहरू राष्ट्रीय शहरी नवीनीकरण मिशन के अंतर्गत 62. 5 एमएलडी इकाई से बिजली उत्पादन संयंत्र स्थापित किया जाएगा। इस कार्य पर 7.50 करोड़ खर्च किए जाएंगे। यह देश का दूसरा बायोगैस बिजली उत्पादन संयंत्र होगा। इस क्षमता का पहला बिजली उत्पादन संयंत्र सूरत में स्थापित किया गया है। इसका निर्माण दिसंबर 2008 में पूरा कर लिया जाएगा। इस प्लांट से प्रतिदिन 8800 यूनिट बिजली उत्पादित की जा सकेगी। इस बिजली से सीवेज ट्रीटमेंट प्लांट को संचालित किया जाएगा, जिससे निगम को प्रतिमाह होने वाले 13 लाख रुपए के बिजली बिल से निजात मिल सकेगी। इस प्रकार सीवेज ट्रीटमेंट प्लांट की द्वितीय इकाई का निर्माण पर जवाहर लाल नेहरू राष्ट्रीय शहरी नवीनीकरण मिशन के अन्तर्गत 28 करोड़ रुपये खर्च किए जाएंगे।
देहलावास में संचािलत सीवेज ट्रीटमेंट प्लांट की पहली इकाई से रोज 625 लाख मिलियन लीटर सीवेज पानी को ट्रीट कर रामचन्द्रपुरा डेम में पहुंचाया जा रहा है जिससे सैकड़ों बीघा में खेती की जा रही है। इस प्लांट को आर.यू.डी.पी.आई. को सुपुर्द किया था। यह प्लांट पांच वर्ष के अनुबंध पर निजी कंपनी की ओर से संचालित किया जा रहा है।
आईपीटीवी IP-TV
आईपीटीवी और इंटरनेट टीवी एकसमान नहीं है। इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल टीवी का यह मतलब नहीं है कि आप किसी भी वेबसाइट पर जाएं और अपने फेवरिट वेबपेज को क्लिक करते ही टेलीविजन के कार्यक्रम आपके सामने हों। नेटवर्किग माध्यम है, जिसमें इंटरनेट बॉडबैंड की सहायता से टेलीविजन प्रोग्राम आपके टीवी या पीसी तक पहुंच सकता है। यह टेलीकॉम प्रोवाइडर्स कंपनियों (एमटीएनएल, एयरटेल आदि) द्वारा प्रदान की जा रही सेवा की बदौलत संभव हो पाता है, जिसे डिजिटल केबल या सेटेलाइट सर्विसेज के स्थान पर प्रयोग किया जा सकता है। सच तो यह है कि आईपी का लुत्फ आप सेट टॉप बॉक्स की सहायता से उठा सकते हैं। वहीं, इंटरनेट टीवी (आईटीवी) में किसी भी साइट पर रिकॉर्डेड प्रोग्राम देखे जाते हैं। आईपी
आईपीटीवी टेलीविजन सिग्नल को कम्प्यूटर डेटा में बदल देता है। आईपीटीवी के तीन भाग होते हैं :
1. टीवी ऐंड कन्टेंट हेड एन्ड : यहां टीवी चैनल्स के प्रोग्राम रिसीव और इनकोड किए जाते हैं। इसके अलावा, वीडियो प्रोग्राम भी स्टोर किया जाता है।
2. डिलीवरी नेटवर्क : इसमें टेलीकॉम ऑपरेटर्स आते हैं, जिनके द्वारा ब्रॉडबैंड और लैंडलाइन नेटवर्क प्रोवाइड कराया जाता है।
3. सेट-टॉप बॉक्स : यह बॉक्स ऑपरेटर के ब्रॉडबैंड मोडेम को आपके टीवी से जोडता है।
जब आप अपने टीवी को आईपीटीवी ब्रॉडबैंड कनेक्शन से जोडते हैं, तो आपको वीडियो ऑन डिमांड (वीओडी)इंटरनेट सर्विस (वेब एक्सेस, वॉयस ओवर इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल-वीओआईपी, इंटरनेट टीवी) की सुविधा भी मिल सकती है। साथ ही साथ, ट्रेडिशनल सर्विसेज की अपेक्षा इसकी डिजिटल वीडियो और ऑडियो की क्वालिटी बेहद अच्छी होती है। इसकी सबसे बडी खासियत है, इसका इंटरैक्टिव होना। मैच के दौरान आप अपने मनपसंद प्लेयर की हिस्ट्री जानना चाहते हैं, तो इसमें यह ऑप्शन मौजूद होता है, जिसकी सहायता से संबंधित खिलाडी का पिछला रिकॉर्ड पलक झपकते ही आपके सामने होगा। यदि अपने पसंदीदा प्रोग्राम के प्रसारण के समय पढाई कर रहे हैं, बाद में आप टीवी पर उसकी रिकॉर्डिग भी देख सकते हैं। इसके अलावा, वीओडी की सहायता से ऑनलाइन मूवी कैटलॉग से मजेदार मूवी चुन कर देख सकते हैं। यह अन्य नेटवर्किग सर्विस की अपेक्षा सस्ता भी है।
Water bears can survive in space
Water bears multi-cellular, invertebrate animals about 1 millimeter in size - are unique in that they can survive repeated dehydration and can lose nearly all the water they have in their bodies.
It's been nearly a year since Kristianstad University researcher Ingemar Jonsson sent some 3,000 microscopic water bears on a 12-day space trip. The aim of the project, supported by the European Space Agency, was to determine whether they could survive in space. They could. Their finding is that the space vacuum, which entails extreme dehydration, and cosmic radiation, (was not) a problem for water bears. On the other hand, the ultraviolet radiation in space is harmful to water bears, although a few individuals can even survive that, The next challenge is to determine the mechanisms behind water bears' exceptional tolerance.
Less than 300 microns long, water bears have four pairs of stumpy legs with tiny claws and a slow lumbering gait that makes them look like a microscopic bear (see video below). They can survive such extremes as hot springs, mountain peaks, being buried under 5 meters of solid ice, and even frozen in liquid nitrogen. But their most typical homes are moss cushions. If dehydrated, they have devised an interesting "antibiotic state" to survive. The water bear becomes inactive, almost like hibernation. Then, with a tiny droplet of water, it comes back to life. Sometimes, water bears can be in an antiobiotic state for several years.
KINGDOM Animal
PHYLUM Tardigrada
CLASS Heterotardigrada
ORDER Echiniscoidea
FAMILY Echiniscidae
GENUS Echiniscis
SPECIES Echiniscis (over 100 species)
COURTESY-http://www.solutionassoc.com/Fun/Fun.html
Saturday, September 13, 2008
Hurricane Nomenclature
- "hurricane" (the North Atlantic Ocean, the Northeast Pacific Ocean east of the dateline, or the South Pacific Ocean east of 160E)
- "typhoon" (the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of the dateline)
- "severe tropical cyclone" (the Southwest Pacific Ocean west of 160E or Southeast Indian Ocean east of 90E)
- "severe cyclonic storm" (the North Indian Ocean)
- "tropical cyclone" (the Southwest Indian Ocean)
Hurricanes, typhoons and tropical cyclones are different names for the same type of storm. A tropical cyclone is called a hurricane in the North Atlantic Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, or the Northeast Pacific Ocean on the eastern side of the dateline.
typhoon occurs in the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of the dateline. In other parts of the world, these storms are called severe tropical cyclones.
A hurricane, then, is a cyclonic storm with maximum sustained winds over 74 mph (64 knots; 119 kph).
Hurricanes are then further classed according to strength by the Saffir-Simpson Scale. There are five strength categories, with a Category 5 storm rating maximum sustained winds over 156 mph (136 knots; 251 kph).
A hurricane generally starts as an organized band of convection, or thunderstorms, called a tropical wave. When conditions are favorable, the wave starts to further organize and strengthen. Convection increases and the wave starts taking on cyclonic characteristics. If strengthening continues, it develops an eye and eyewall and soon becomes a hurricane. Favorable conditions for hurricane development include the system being over very warm water, and in an environment with little wind shear. Wind shear “tears up” a hurricane because it sends winds in the opposite direction, thereby inhibiting the cyclone’s formation.
A cyclone itself is often a generic name for any kind of violent windstorm, and particularly in the Midwestern United States, is the name for a tornado. However, a tornado and a hurricane are two entirely different storms. A tornado is usually the result of a mesocyclone, or severe thunderstorm, over land, although, strangely enough, a landfalling hurricane can spawn tornadoes. A tornado is also a smaller, short-lived storm, while a hurricane covers several hundred square miles or kilometers and may last for several days over water.
The landfalling hurricane quickly loses strength because it is deprived of the heat and moisture from the ocean water keeping it alive. A hurricane that passes over land and goes back into the ocean, however, may regenerate.
Although most people think of a hurricane as being primarily a wind storm, its real damage is usually caused by flooding. This was evident in 2005, when Hurricane Katrina struck the Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coasts. The storm had dropped to a Category 3 by landfall, but the storm surge in front of it was driven by the storm when it was a Category 5. The storm surge was well over 20 feet in some areas, and wiped out thousands of homes in its path.
The National Weather Service’s Tropical Prediction Center tracks storms in the North and East Atlantic, and in the Eastern Pacific Oceans. Their Web site provides a wealth of information on the formation, tracking and forecasting hurricanes, as well as U.S. hurricane statistics over the years.
Experience shows that the use of short, distinctive given names in written as well as spoken communications is quicker and less subject to error than the older more cumbersome latitude-longitude identification methods. These advantages are especially important in exchanging detailed storm information between hundreds of widely scattered stations, coastal bases, and ships at sea.
In the North Atlantic and Northeastern Pacific basins, feminine and masculine names are alternated in alphabetic order during a given season. The gender of the season's first storm also alternates year to year. Six lists of names are prepared in advance, and each list is used once every six years. Five letters — "Q," "U," "X," "Y" and "Z" — are omitted in the North Atlantic; only "Q" and "U" are omitted in the Northeastern Pacific. This allows for 21 names in the North Atlantic and 24 names in Northeastern Pacific.
Atlantic Names –
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gustav Hanna Ike Josephine Kyle Laura Marco Nana Omar Paloma Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred | Ana Bill Claudette Danny Erika Fred Grace Henri Ida Joaquin Kate Larry Mindy Nicholas Odette Peter Rose Sam Teresa Victor Wanda | Alex Bonnie Colin Danielle Earl Fiona Gaston Hermine Igor Julia Karl Lisa Matthew Nicole Otto Paula Richard Shary Tomas Virginie Walter | Arlene Bret Cindy Don Emily Franklin Gert Harvey Irene Jose Katia Lee Maria Nate Ophelia Philippe Rina Sean Tammy Vince Whitney | Alberto Beryl Chris Debby Ernesto Florence Gordon Helene Isaac Joyce Kirk Leslie Michael Nadine Oscar Patty Rafael Sandy Tony Valerie William | Andrea Barry Chantal Dorian Erin Fernand Gabrielle Humberto Ingrid Jerry Karen Lorenzo Melissa Nestor Olga Pablo Rebekah Sebastien Tanya Van Wendy |
Northern Indian Ocean Names
LIST 1 | LIST 2 | LIST 3 | LIST 4 |
---|---|---|---|
Onil Agni Hibaru Pyarr Baaz Fanoos Mala Mukda | Ogni Akash Gonu Yemyin Sidr Nargis Abe Khai Muk | Nisha Bijli Aila Phyan Ward Laila Bandu Phet | Giri Jal Keila Thane Murjan Nilam Mahasen Phailin |
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LIST 5 | LIST 6 | LIST 7 | LIST 8 |
Helen Lehar Madi Nanauk Hudhud Nilofar Priya Komen | Chapala Megh Vaali Kyant Nada Vardah Sama Mora | Ockhi Sagar Baazu Daye Luban Titli Das Phethai | Fani Vayu Hikaa Kyarr Maha Bulbul Soba Amphan |
Friday, September 12, 2008
Big Bang: Glossary of particle physics terms
CERN : The European Organisation for Nuclear Research, a major laboratory located near Geneva on the Swiss-French border. PARTICLE : An object which is sub-atomic, smaller than an atom, and has a definite mass and charge. HADRON: A particle with mass, made up of smaller units called quarks that are bound together. Protons and electrons are types of hadron. LHC : CERN's Large Hadron Collider that has been under development for 20 years, with a total project cost of 10 billion Swiss francs ($9 billion). PARTICLE ACCELERATOR : A machine used to accelerate streams of particles in a defined direction at high speeds. The LHC is the world's largest. COLLIDER : An accelerator in which two beams travelling in opposite directions are steered together to induce high-energy collisions between particles in one beam and those in the other. HIGGS BOSON : A theoretical particle which is thought to give matter its mass, known as the "God particle." First proposed by Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh in 1964, the LHC should confirm whether it exists. STANDARD PRINCIPLE : The standard theory of modern physics is based on two other theories -- general relativity and quantum mechanics. Its main weakness is that it cannot yet fully describe gravity or mass. |
Biogas-Gobar Gas
Treating bio-waste, however, could generate an average of 1.5 million cubic feet of gas a day - enough to fill 1,250 tanker trucks daily - according to the system's chief operating officer. A by-product of human and organic waste, methane is the chief component of natural gas that can fuel generators, power plants and furnaces.
Closer home, gobar gas - natural gas obtained from methane released by cattle waste - as a green alternative to diesel and other fossil fuels has been taken up seriously, particularly in rural households. However, a lack of adequate hygiene is a constraint because the gas formation - in the large containers filled with gobar - makes the drum's lid rise, and there is spillage all around the plant. So, in India gobar gas plants are fertile breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other pests. But this is not an insurmountable problem. Gobar gas plants could be expanded and diversified to include energy extraction from all kinds of biomass and the gas so produced could fuel power stations - as San Antonio proposes to do - and with improved sanitation, the experiment could yield good results for several Indian cities.
As a renewable resource, biomass - either from plants, agriculture and forestry residues, animal or human waste - is biodegradable and so is far more eco-friendly than petroleum-derived fuels. And they are relatively easier to source and process, unlike the sophisticated instruments and know-how required to extract oil or refine coal. Ethanol derived from biofuels has a very high octane rating. It might deliver less energy than gasoline, but by blending about 10 per cent ethanol and petrol or diesel together, a feasible balance is achieved with no perceptible effect on fuel economy.
America's space agency NASA is sponsoring a joint project to turn human waste into a power source for spaceships using a process that could also produce other chemicals that can be used on board. Instead of turning up our noses at the idea of recycling human waste and other biosolids in sewage, it would be worthwhile to explore fully and exploit the immense potential hidden in what we routinely regard as being useless.
Courtesy: Times of India
13th September, 2008
World's first synthetic 'tree'
Scientists in the United States have created the world's first synthetic 'tree', a development that may lead to technologies for heat transfer and soil remediation. The "tree", developed in a lab at Cornell, simulates the process of transpiration, the cohesive capillary action that allows trees to wick moisture upward to their highest branches. The work, reported in the September 11 issue of the journal Nature, bolsters the long-standing theory that transpiration in trees and plants is a purely physical process, requiring no biological energy.
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सतह वाली एंटी-मिसाइल डिफेंस सिस्टम
जी हां, दो सतह वाली एंटी-मिसाइल डिफेंस सिस्टम में महारत हासिल करने के लिए नवंबर 2008 में इंटरसेप्टर मिसाइल का तीसरा परीक्षण किया जा सकता है। नवंबर 2006 में पीएडी मिसाइल का परीक्षण 18 किलोमीटर ऊंचाई पर और दिसंबर 2007 में एएडी मिसाइल का परीक्षण 48 किलोमीटर ऊंचाई पर पृथ्वी मिसाइल को निशाना बना कर किया गया था। अब नवंबर 2008 के परीक्षण में पृथ्वी मिसाइल को दुश्मन की बैलिस्टिक मिसाइल की तरह दागते हुए 50 से 80 किलोमीटर की ऊंचाई पर ध्वस्त करने का परीक्षण होगा।तीसरे परीक्षण से भारत 5000 किलोमीटर रेंज वाली बैलिस्टिक मिसाइलों को भी इंटरसेप्ट कर ध्वस्त करने के काबिल हो जाएगा।यह परीक्षण उड़ीसा के तटीय इलाके में चांदीपुर रेंज से किया जाएगा। इसके सफल परीक्षण के साथ ही काफी हद तक 7.5 मीटर लंबी इंटरसेप्टर मिसाइल की सफलता पर मुहर लग जाएगी। 10 से 25 किलोमीटर की ऊंचाई तक दुश्मन की मिसाइल को ध्वस्त करने वाली इंटरसेप्टर पीएडी मिसाइल को 'प्रद्युम्न' नाम दिया गया है। संभावना है कि इससे अधिक ऊंचाई पर इंटरसेप्ट करने वाली एएडी मिसाइल को 'अश्विन' नाम दिया जाएगा।
अगर दुश्मन की मिसाइल परमाणु वारहेड से भी लैस है और वह हमारे वायुमंडल में ध्वस्त होती है, तब भी चिंता की जरूरत नहीं होगी क्योंकि इतनी ऊंचाई पर परमाणु वारहेड डेटोनेट नहीं होता। उसके टुकड़े तो जमीन पर गिरेंगे पर वह विस्फोट के साथ तबाही नहीं मचा सकेगा। इस मिसाइल परियोजना पर काम कर रहे रक्षा वैज्ञानिक इंटरसेप्टर मिसाइल को क्रूज मिसाइल नष्ट करने लायक भी बनाना चाहते हैं। इसीलिए अवाक्स व एयरोस्टेट राडार सरीखे सिस्टमों के साथ इसे आजमाने पर काम शुरू किया जा रहा है। ऐसा होने पर पाकिस्तान की बाबर जैसी क्रूज मिसाइल का तोड़ भी निकाल लिया जाएगा।
वैसे भारत ने अग्नि-4 के डिजाइन पर भी काम शुरू कर दिया है। इसका 2010 तक परीक्षण किया जा सकता है। यह मिसाइल 6000 किलोमीटर तक मार करने में सक्षम होगी। अगले दो परीक्षणों के बाद अग्नि-3 सेना को दी जा सकती है।
नई दिल्ली [जरनैल सिंह]।
http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/national/general/5_1_4813893/
Tuesday, September 9, 2008
दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा प्रयोग
CERN is the leading high energy physics laboratory in the world, their incredibly powerful particle accelerators are an important piece of their resume. Theoretically, they can create black holes.
Nearly half of the world’s particle physicists work on experiments conducted at the CERN facilities, which are located on the border between France and Switzerland. The acronym comes from Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research). It was established in 1954, and now has 20 member states.
The World Wide Web was started as a project called ENQUIRE at CERN in 1989. They announced it would be free to everyone on April 30th, 1993.
CERN has built the Large Hadron Collider, which is a particle accelerator and a hadron collider that is 26.659 kilometers in circumference and will be located 50 to 175 meters undergroundHiggs Boson, strangelets, magnetic monopoles, supersymmetric particles and Micro Black Holes. [pictures below]. This is the one that is theorized to produce many novel particles including:
Particle accelerators and “atom smashers” are one and the same. Just like the name says, they are used to create collisions between [altered] atoms - they do this by utilizing electric fields to propel electrically charged particles at high speeds.
The LHC is just one piece of the puzzle. The picture below is of the LHC experiments and the pre-accelerators. Each piece of equipment has to do with particular experiments.
The goal of these experiments as well as particle physics in general, is to find the fundamental building blocks of this universe. A fundamental particle would be something that has no substructure - it is made up of no other particles. A micro black hole is sometimes categorized under “particle.”
Once we grasp that mass and energy are equivalent, it makes sense to destroy matter in order to release energy. Hence splitting of the atom to make energy. When you pair that information with 1) our belief that black holes are dense points in space and
2) our ability to use particle accelerators –>
we have some very interesting results to look forward to.
The “Planck Mass” is believed to be the unit of mass when both general relativity and quantum mechanics simultaneously become important. The Planck mass is very very small.
General relativity is best explained using the analogy of fabric, hence the fabric of spacetime. Take a blanket and stretch all four corners and place a ball in the middle. The fabric “bends.” It is that bend in the fabric that acts like gravity. Think of a marble circling the drain, only if the marble took eons to fall down the drain (eventually the moon will crash into the Earth).
Quantum mechanics is the study of the relationship between “indivisible units of energy” and mass. Think of fundamental particles, but in the sense of fundamental energy. It would be cool to know if the fundamental building blocks of this universe was energy - which is what string theory states.
The LHC might allow scientists to create a collision that reaches some incredible activation energy at the level of the Planck mass. Basically, there would be a lot of energy in a very small amount of mass. If that happens, we are going to get a whole lot of stuff that we probably couldn’t have predicted.
Start at the conservation of mass - at first glance a black hole don’t make sense. How can something go into a black hole and disappear [in all of its forms] from this universe? Where does it go? How is it not “here” anymore? Etc.
Stephen Hawking put forth a theory in which he predicts that a black hole will emit exact black body radiation, and has since been called Hawking Radiation.
A black body is an object that absorbs all light that falls on it. But, gives off radiation depending on its surrounding temperatures.
Stephen Hawking predicts that a black hole gives off thermal radiation inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole. The bigger the black hole, the less radiation it gives off.
It doesn’t make sense to me, but that is because he made “reliable” calculations far from a black hole in the framework of quantum field theory in curved space time.
If a black hole is losing more matter than it is taking in, it would make sense that the black hole will cease to exist. There is a tipping-point. If the mass of a black hole is less than X, we would expect it to eventually evaporate. If the mass of a black hole equals X, we would expect it to stay the same. If the mass of a black hole is greater than X, we would expect that the black hole continue to grow.
Lets go back to the fabric of spacetime. Lets call that ball in the middle of our sheet the sun. If the sun is 780 mm in circumference and 650 grams in weight [regulation basketball], a black hole could be smaller than a speck of sand and weigh more than our actual sun. The tricky part is that black holes can vary in size and mass, but they are probably governed by some function of energy.
It makes sense to conceptualize a black hole as a very massive singular point in space - massive means magnitudes of mass greater than our sun. That is why some might refer to a black hole as a single [super massive] particle.
So how big will the black hole that CERN makes be?
We can predict its mass based on the atoms, ions, etc. we are using to smash together, we also can estimate how much energy will be in that particle. IF they make one, it will most definitely be a micro black hole, and it will be much smaller than X.
It will quickly evaporate… hopefully.
What do we have to gain from all of this?
An outlandish guess is space travel at or near the speed of light.
A better understanding of Our Universe, is almost a given.
Courtesy:http://samescaredworld.wordpress.com/2008/03/05/man-made-black-holes/
भौतिकी का सबसे बड़ा परीक्षण
- Large Hadron Collider will have first attempt at circulating a beam September 10, 2008
- It's the largest particle accelerator in the world and costs about $9 billion
- Lawsuits allege it could generate black holes that could eat the Earth
- Scientists say these allegations have no merit
चौदह साल के लंबे इंतजार के बाद पृथ्वी की अनेक गुत्थियां सुलझने को हैं और अब तक के सबसे विशाल परीक्षण के जरिए ब्रह्मांड की उत्पत्ति के रहस्य का पता लगाने की कोशिश करेंगे। ब्रह्मांड की उत्पत्ति एक महाविस्फोट से हुई थी और वैज्ञानिक 27 किलोमीटर लंबी इस मशीन से विस्फोट कर एक बार फिर वैसी ही परिस्थितियां पैदा करेंगे, ताकि दुनिया के निर्माण के रहस्य का पता लगाया जा सके।
इस प्रयोग के विरोधी वैज्ञानिकों का कहना है कि इस परीक्षण से धरती एक ब्लैक होल में समा सकती है, वहीं प्रयोग करने वाले वैज्ञानिक ऐसी आशंकाओं को निराधार बता रहे हैं। एलएचसी से धरती के नष्ट होने का कोई खतरा नहीं है, क्योंकि यदि ऐसा कोई खतरा होता तो वैज्ञानिक यह प्रयोग करने का जोखिम नहीं उठाते।
ब्रह्मांड की उम्र लगभग 14 अरब वर्ष और धरती की उत्पत्ति की उम्र करीब साढ़े चार अरब वर्ष मानी जाती है। तब से लेकर अब तक ब्रह्मांड में न जाने कितनी टक्कर हुई हैं। लेकिन धरती के अस्तित्व पर कभी कोई संकट नहीं आया। ब्रह्मांड में उच्च ऊर्जा वाले प्रोटोन आपस में टकराते हैं, जबकि इस प्रयोग के दौरान अत्यंत कम ऊर्जा वाले प्रोटोनों की टक्कर कराई जाएगी। इसलिए धरती को कोई खतरा नहीं है। प्रयोग का उद्देश्य यही पता लगाना है कि पदार्थ कहां से आया और कैसे बना।
प्रयोग को अंजाम देने वाला यूरोपीय परमाणु अनुसंधान संगठन इससे धरती को कोई खतरा नहीं मानता, जबकि दूसरी ओर विश्व के कई वैज्ञानिक एलएचसी से धरती के नष्ट हो जाने के खतरे की आशंका भी जता रहे हैं। ब्रिटिश अखबार डेली मेल ने ऐसे कई वैज्ञानिकों के हवाले से कहा है कि इससे धरती को खतरा है और सबसे पहले तबाही हिन्द महासागर से शुरू होगी। उनका कहना है कि धरती की तबाही में 10 सितंबर से लेकर चार साल तक का वक्त लग सकता है। एलएचसी भौतिकी का सबसे बड़ा प्रयोग है जिस पर अब तक 384 अरब डालर की राशि खर्च हो चुकी है। इस मशीन का बटन जर्मन वैज्ञानिक डाक्टर ईवान्स के हाथों में है।
प्रयोग में लगे वैज्ञानिकों का कहना है कि यह अनुसंधान सेकेंड के अरबवें हिस्से में होगा, इसलिए यदि कोई ब्लैक होल बना भी तो वह एक जगह से दूसरी जगह पहुंचने में ही खत्म हो जाएगा।
Saturday, September 6, 2008
NUCLEAR FISSION
A fission reaction involves the splitting of atomic nuclei into two or more parts after colliding with a free neutron. Uranium is the only natural element that can easily be split. The small particless of the nuclei that split, travel at an incredible speed and collide with other uranium nuclei causing them to split. This process causes a chain reaction creating heat from the kinetic energy of the quickly moving particles. The heat is used to convert water to steam which turns a turbine which turns a generator and creates electricity.
An example of nuclear fission is the chain reaction: n+u = Kr+Ba+3n, where the capture of a neutron (n) by an uranium nucleus (U) leads to a break-up (Fission) of the uranium into the two nuclei of krypton (Kr) and barium (Ba) and the release of three neutrons (3n).
Top 10 Facts About Nuclear Energy
2. More than 400 nuclear power plants worldwide produce 16 percent of the world’s electricity—while reducing CO2 emissions by more than 2 billion metric tons per year.
3. Nuclear energy supplies electricity each year to serve 60 million homes.
4. Nuclear energy has one of the lowest environmental impacts of any electricity source. For example, a wind farm would need 235 square miles to produce the same amount of electricity as a 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant.
5. Nuclear energy is by far the nation’s largest source of electricity that does not emit any controlled air pollutants, providing 73 percent of the electricity from all carbon-free sources, including hydroelectric, wind and solar.
6. Nuclear power plants provide low-cost, predictable power at stable prices and are essential in maintaining the reliability of the U.S. electric power system.
7. Nuclear power plants are able to produce abundant and low cost energy source because they use an enriched form of uranium for fuel. One uranium fuel pellet – the size of the tip of your little finger – is equivalent to 17,000 cubic feet of natural gas, 1,780 pounds of coal, or 149 gallons of oil.
8. The economic activity of a U.S. nuclear plant generates on average around $20 million in state and local tax revenues.
9. You would have to live near a nuclear power plant for over 2,000 years to get the same amount of radiation exposure that you get from a single diagnostic medical x-ray.
10. There are nearly 100 different nuclear medicine imaging procedures available today. An estimated 10 to 12 million nuclear medicine imaging and therapeutic procedures are performed each year in the United States.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
If the level of our per capita electricity consumption is raised to the level of a developed country (~5000 kWh/person/year) and only a single energy resource is to be used:
Domestic extractable coal reserves will last for <13
Uranium in open cycle will last for ~ 0.5 year
Uranium in closed cycle with FBRs will last for ~ 73 years
Known reserves of thorium in closed cycle with breeder reactors will last for > 250 years
Entire renewable energy (including Hydroelectric capacity) will be sufficient for < 70 days/ year
Total solar collection area (based on MNES estimate 20 MW/km2) needed will be at least ~ 31000 sq. km.
It is obvious that for long term energy security nuclear energy based on thorium has to be a prominent component of Indian energy mix.
2005-05-27 (Delhi, Petrofed) RKS - India's Energy Security - The Role of Nuclear Energy
The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is responsible for design, construction, commissioning and operation of thermal nuclear power plants.
It has 15 small and two mid-sized nuclear power reactors in commercial operation, six under construction - including two large ones and a fast breeder reactor, and more planned.
India's operating nuclear power reactors:
Reactor | Type | MWe net, each | Commercial operation | Safeguards status |
Tarapur 1 & 2 | BWR | 150 | 1969 | item-specific |
Kaiga 1 & 2 | PHWR | 202 | 1999-2000 |
|
Kaiga 3 | PHWR | 202 | 2007 |
|
Kakrapar 1 & 2 | PHWR | 202 | 1993-95 | by 2012 under new agreement |
Kalpakkam 1 & 2 (MAPS) | PHWR | 202 | 1984-86 |
|
Narora 1 & 2 | PHWR | 202 | 1991-92 | by 2014 under new agreement |
Rawatbhata 1 | PHWR | 90 | 1973 | item-specific |
Rawatbhata 2 | PHWR | 187 | 1981 | item-specific |
Rawatbhata 3 & 4 | PHWR | 202 | 1999-2000 | by 2010 under new agreement |
Tarapur 3 & 4 | PHWR | 490 | 2006, 05 |
|
Total (17) | | 3779 MWe | | |
Kalpakkam also known as Madras/MAPS
Rawatbhata also known as Rajasthan/RAPS
Kakrapar = KAPS, Narora = NAPS
dates are for start of commercial operation.
India's nuclear power reactors under construction:
Reactor | Type | MWe net, each | Project control | Commercial operation | Safeguards status |
Kaiga 4 | PHWR | 202 MWe | NPCIL | end of 2008 |
|
Rawatbhata 5 & 6 | PHWR | 202 MWe | NPCIL | end of 2008, 3/09 | by 2008 under new agreement |
Kudankulam 1 & 2 | PWR (VVER) | 950 MWe | NPCIL | 9/2009, 12/09 | item-specific |
Kalpakkam PFBR | FBR | 470 MWe | Bhavini | 2010 | unlikely |
Total (6) | | 2976 MWe | | | |
Rawatbhata also known as Rajasthan/RAPS
dates are for start of commercial operation.
In April 2007 the government gave approval for construction of the first four of these eight units.
Power reactors planned or firmly proposed
Reactor | Type | MWe net, each | Project control | Start operation |
Kakrapar 3 & 4 | PHWR | 640 | NPCIL | 2012 |
Rawatbhata 7 & 8 | PHWR | 640 | NPCIL | 2012 |
Kudankulam 3 & 4 | PWR - VVER | 1000 | NPCIL | |
Jaitapur 1 & 2 | PWR | 1000 | NPCIL | |
? | PWR x 2 | 1000 | NTPC | 2014 |
? | PHWR x 4 | 640 | NPCIL | |
? | FBR x 4 | 470 | Bhavini | 2020 |
? | AHWR | 300 | ? | 2020 |
For reactor table: first ten units 'planned', next 9 'proposed'.
In August 2007 the government approved a new US$ 270 million mine and mill at Tummalapalle in Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh, for commissioning in 2010.
India's uranium mines and mills - existing and announced
State, district | Mine | Mill | Operating from | tU per year |
Jharkhand | Jaduguda | Jaduguda | 1967 (mine) 1968 (mill) | 175 total from mill |
| Bhatin | Jaduguda | 1967 | |
| Narwapahar | Jaduguda | 1995 |
|
| Bagjata | Jaduguda | 2008 | |
| Turamdih | Turamdih | 2003 (mine) 2008 (mill) | 190 total from mill |
| Banduhurang | Turamdih | 2007 | |
| Mohuldih | Turamdih | 2011 | |
Meghalaya | Kylleng-Pyndengsohiong (Domiasiat)Mawthabah | Mawthabah | 2012 | 340 |
Andhra Pradesh, Nalgonda | Lambapur-Peddagattu | Seripally | 2012 | 130 |
Andhra Pradesh, Kadapa | Tummalapalle | Tummalapalle | 2010 | 220 |
However, India has reserves of 290,000 tonnes of thorium - about one quarter of the world total, and these are intended to fuel its nuclear power program longer-term.
Some Data for the Top Twelve GDP Ranking Countries
Country | GDP Rank | Electricity Prodn. Rank | Per Capita Elec. Gen. (kWh/yr) | bn kWh Nuclear 2003* | % Nuclear | Reactors under constn. | Installed MWe per Te U/Yr reqd. |
USA | 01 | 01 | 12824 | 763.7 | 20 | 0 | 4.4 |
China | 02 | 02 | 1104 | 79.0 | 1.4 | 3 | 5.1 |
Japan | 03 | 03 | 8152 | 230.8 | 39 | 3 | 5.8 |
India | 04 | 05 | 610 | 16.4 | 3.7 | 9 (8 now) | 8.5 |
Germany | 05 | 07 | 6616 | 157.4 | 30 | 0 | 5.6 |
France | 06 | 08 | 8642 | 420.7 | 78 | 0 | 6.2 |
UK | 07 | 09 | 6006 | 85.3 | 22 | 0 | 4.9 |
Italy | 08 | 12 | 4462 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|
Russia | 09 | 04 | 5858 | 138.4 | 16 | 6 | 6.9 |
Brazil | 10 | 10 | 1765 | 13.3 | 4.0 | 0 | 6.1 |
S. Korea | 11 | 11 | 6020 | 123.3 | 39 | 2 | 5.3 |
Canada | 12 | 06 | 17581 | 70.3 | 12 | 0 | 7.1 |
WORLD |
|
| 2356 |
| 16 | 29 | 5.4 |
o First commercial nuclear power stations started operation in 1950s.
o 440 commercial nuclear reactors operating in 31 countries
o 360,000 MWe is the total capacity.
o Supply of 16% of the world's electricity
· 56 countries operate a total of 284 research reactors.